PHYSIOLOGY MNEMONICS

Cochlea: inner vs. outer hair cell function

Quote:

"Outer cells are Out of the brain. Inner cells are Into the brain": Outer hair cells are motor efferents to amplify signal. Inner hair cells are sensory afferents that actually pick up the sound.

Pituitary hormones 

Quote:

FLAGTOP: Follicle stimulating hormone Lutinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropin hormone Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Oxytocin Prolactin Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin · Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well understood.

Adrenal cortex layers and products 

Quote:

"Go Find Rex, Make Good Sex": · Layers: Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticulata · Respective products: Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones · Alternatively for layers: GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate, convenient since adrenal glands are atop kidney).

Einthoven's Triangle: organization 

Quote:

Corners are at RA (right arm), LA (left arm), LL (left leg). Number of L's at a corner tell how many + signs are at that corner [eg LL is ++]. Sum of number of L's of any 2 corners tells the name of the lead [eg LL-LA is lead III]. For reference axes, the negative angle hemisphere is on the half of the triangle drawing that has all the negative signs; positive angle hemisphere contains only positive signs. · See diagram.

Heart valves: sequence of flow 

Quote:

TRIPS BIAS: TRIcuspid Pulmonary Semilunar BIcuspid Aortic Semilunar Alternatively: "TRIPS, MI ASs!" (uses MItral instead of BIcuspid

Compliance of lungs factors 

Quote:

COMPLIANCE: Collagen deposition (fibrosis) Ossification of costal cartilages Major obesity Pulmonary venous congestion Lung size Increased expanding pressure Age No surfactant Chest wall scarring Emphysema · All but L/A/E decrease compliance.

Progesterone: actions 

Quote:

PROGESTE: Produce cervical mucous Relax uterine smooth muscle Oxycotin sensitivity down Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up Sustain pregnancy Temperature up / Tit development Excitability of myometrium down

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms 

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THYROIDISM: Tremor Heart rate up Yawning [fatigability] Restlessness Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea Intolerance to heat Diarrhea Irritability Sweating Musle wasting & weight loss

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites

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"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c): · Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain. "HbF binds Forcefully": · HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS: · Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: · BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb. Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: · Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Oestrogen: functions 

Quote:

OESTROGEN SUX: Organ development (sex organs) Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation Secondary sex characteristics development Tropic for pregnancy Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH) Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption) Granulosa cell development Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect Nipple development Sex drive increase Uterine contractility increase oXytocin sensitivity increase

Electrical conductivity of tissues 

Quote:

"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve": In order of least conductive to most conductive: Bones Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Blood Nerve

Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells 

A$$E$

Acidosis: H+ ions move in.
Starvation: catabolism of cells.
Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative).
Exercise: catabolism of cells.
Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.


Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic

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• Acidophilic: GPA: Growth hormone Prolactin Acidophilic • Basophilic: B-FLAT Basophilic FSH LH ACTH TSH

Erythropoiesis stages

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"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment": Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Neutrophil's 2 distinctive physical features

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1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus by arranging the 5 lobes into a capital N for Neutrophil. 2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.

White blood cell relative concentrations

Quote:

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas": From greatest to least: Neutrophils (65%) Lymphocytes (25%) Monocytes (6%) Eosinophils (3%) Basophils (1%)

• Alternatively: "Nine Little Monkeys Eating Bananas".
• Alternatively: "Noone Likes My Educational Background".
• Alternatively: "Never Let Mamma Eat Beans".
• Can remember that Eosinophils is 3%, by the mirror image of E is 3.


Basophil morphology

Quote:

Basophil has Big Blue Balls (granules).

Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated

Quote:

"BEN Loves Money": • Granulocytes: Basophil Eosinophil Neurophil • Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes

• Alternatively: Granpa BEN..." to keep the granulated group straight.

Mast cell primary granule contents

Quote:

"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gagging!": Mast = Mast cell His = Histamine He= Heparin C = Chymase Ch = Chemotactic factor for eosinophils Gag = GAGase

Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons

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Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute to our allergic reactions. Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they counteract our allergic reactions.

Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark

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There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light". These one vowels match up to their one letter names: DArk band is the A band. LIght band is the I band.

Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location

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HAZI (Hazy): H line is in A-band. Z disc is in the I band.

Muscle cells: cardiac vs. skeletal's nuclei location/number

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Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body. Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle. Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery. Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so have many nuclei per long fibre.

Muscle sarcomere bands

Quote:

"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle": • From the Z disk, working inward, remembering symmetry: Z I A H M H A I Z. • Alternatively: "Zoe Is A Horny Momma".

Muscle fiber: types

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• Type 1: "1 slow fat red ox": -slow twitch -lipid accumulation -red fibers -oxidative • Type 2: "2 fast skinny white breasts": -fast twitch -low lipid -white fibers, like chicken breasts

Haematology: key numbers

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3 and 4 are key in in haematology: 1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin. There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin. There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil. There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.

Macrocytic anemia: causes

Quote:

ABCDEF: Alcohol + liver disease B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis) Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)

Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis

Quote:

"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss": There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis.

Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites

Quote:

"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c): • Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain. "HbF binds Forcefully": • HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS: • Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: • BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb. Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: • Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests

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"PeT PiTTbull": PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway. PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.

Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function

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carotid SinuS: measures preSSure. carotid bO2dy measures O2.

Heart valves: closure sequence

Quote:

"Many Things Are Possible": Mitral, Tricuspid, Aortic, Pulmonic

Pituitary: anterior hypophysis hormones

Quote:

FLATPiG: FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin ignore GH

Electrical conductivity of tissues

Quote:

"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve": In order of least conductive to most conductive: Bones Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Blood Nerve

Compliance of lungs factors

Quote:

COMPLIANCE: Collagen deposition (fibrosis) Ossification of costal cartilages Major obesity Pulmonary venous congestion Lung size Increased expanding pressure Age No surfactant Chest wall scarring Emphysema

• All but L/A/E decrease compliance.


Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3

Quote:

ROME: Respiratory= Opposite: • pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis). • pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis). Metabolic= Equal: • pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis). • pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).