PATHOLOGY MNEMONICS

MI: post-MI complications 
ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
Congestive cardiac failure
Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
Infaction (a second one)
Death/ Dressler's syndrome


Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis 
DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf


MI: complications 
HAS CRAPPED:
Heart failure/ Hypertension
Arrhythmia
Shock
Cardiac Rupture
Aneurysm
Pericarditis
Pulmonary Emboli
DVT


Heart failure causes 
"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
Myocardial infarct
Arrythmia
Y
Diet & lifestyle
Infection
Endocarditis

Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham) 
FRAMINGHAM:
Family history
Running (exercise)
Adiposity (obesity)
Marlboros (tobacco)
Insulin resistance (diabetes)
Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia)
Georgie Pie (high fat diet)
Hypertension
Age
Male

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

Quote:

Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurological deficits ER admission (as it is an emergency)

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome

Quote:

PARIS: Post-streptococcal Alport's RPGN IgA nephropathy SLE · Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic nephritic list].

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease 

Quote:

TIBC levels at the: Top=Iron deficiency. Bottom=Chronic disease

Macrocytic anaemia: differential 

Quote:

FAT RBC: Fetus (pregnancy) Alcohol Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism) Reticulocytosis B12 and folate deficiency Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

Hypokalaemia: clinical features

Quote:

TIMID CHIMP: Tetany Increases paralytic ileus (aggravates) Muscle weakness Increases possibility of hepatic encephalopathy Digoxin toxicity Cardiac arrythmias Hypotonia Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent U wave Muscle cramps Polyuria

Renal failure (chronic): consequences

Quote:

ABCDEFG: Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups

Aneurysm types 

Quote:

MAD SCAB: Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry

Necrosis: the 4 types

Code:

"Life Can Get Complicated":
Liquifactive
Coagulation
Gangrene
Caseous
· 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'.

Turner syndrome: components

Code:

CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
Lymphoedema
Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)
Webbed neck
Nipples widely spaced
Short

Fragile-X syndrome: features

Code:

DSM-4: Discontinued chromosome staining
Shows anticipation
Male (male more affected)
Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
Macrognathia
Macroorchidism

Whipple's disease: full features

Code:

WHIPPLES: Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Infection with tropheryma whippelii
PAS positive granules in macrophage
Polyarthritis
Lymphadenopathy
Enteric involvement
Steatorrhea

CREST sydrome: components

Code:

CREST: Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomena
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangectasia

Edwards' syndrome: characteristics

Code:

EDWARDS: Eighteen (trisomy)
Digit overlapping flexion
Wide head
Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
Small lower jaw

Fragile X syndrome: features

Code:

FEMALES FMR1 gene
Exhibits anticpation
Macro-orchidism
Autism
Long face with large jaw
Everted eyes

Kawasaki disease: features

Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.

Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.

Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.

Fever: thermometer.

Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.

Generalized rash: rash dots.

Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.

Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.

Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.

Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.



Kawasaki Disease Criteria


"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle, you might getCREAMed.

Conjunctivitis (non-exudative)
Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular)
Edema (or erythema of hands or feet)
Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral)
Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting)

To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above.
Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation.

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria

CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:

Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]

 Pathology Mnemonics

Portal hypertension: features
ABCDE:
Ascites
Bleeding (haematemesis, piles)
Caput medusae
Diminished liver
Enlarged spleen

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission (as it is an emergency)

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome 

PARIS:
Post-streptococcal
Alport's
RPGN
IgA nephropathy
SLE
· Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic nephritic list].

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease 

TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency.
Bottom=Chronic disease

Macrocytic anaemia: differential 

FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy)
Alcohol
Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism)
Reticulocytosis
B12 and folate deficiency
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease

Hypokalaemia: clinical features 

TIMID CHIMP:
Tetany
Increases paralytic ileus (aggravates)
Muscle weakness
Increases possibility of hepatic encephalopathy
Digoxin toxicity
Cardiac arrythmias
Hypotonia
Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent U wave
Muscle cramps
Polyuria

Renal failure (chronic): consequences 

ABCDEFG:
Anemia
-due to less EPO
Bone alterations
-osteomalacia
-osteoporosis
-von Recklinghausen
Cardiopulmonary
-atherosclerosis
-CHF
-hypertension
pericarditis
D vitamin loss
Electrolyte imbalance
-sodium loss/gain
-metabolic acidosis
-hyperkalemia
Feverous infections
-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards
GI disturbances
-haemorrhagic gastritis
-peptic ulcer disease
-intractable hiccups

Aneurysm types 

MAD SCAB:
Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Syphilitic
Capillary microaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry